SATA
The common interface for connecting hard drives and 2.5-inch SSDs to a motherboard.
SATA is slower than NVMe but plentiful and cheap, making it ideal for bulk hard drives in a NAS. Most boards have several SATA ports.
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NVMe
A fast storage interface for SSDs that connects over PCIe, far quicker than SATA.
HDD(Hard Disk Drive)
A spinning magnetic drive offering large capacity at a low price per terabyte.
SSD(Solid-State Drive)
Flash-based storage with no moving parts, far faster and quieter than a hard drive.