Definiciones claras de la terminología de servidores domésticos, redes, almacenamiento y autoalojamiento.
Una copia separada y recuperable de tus datos para protegerte frente a pérdidas, corrupción o desastres.
Follow the 3-2-1 rule: three copies of your data, on two different media, with one copy offsite. Tools like Restic, BorgBackup and Duplicati automate encrypted, deduplicated backups. Always test your restores — an untested backup is not a backup.
La corrupción lenta y silenciosa de los datos almacenados con el tiempo por imperfecciones del hardware.
Traditional filesystems can't detect bit rot, so a photo may quietly become unreadable. Checksumming filesystems like ZFS and Btrfs detect and repair it when redundancy is present.
Herramienta de copias deduplicada centrada en archivos incrementales cifrados y eficientes.
Borg excels at space-efficient backups to another machine or drive. BorgBase offers managed remote repositories.
Un sistema de archivos moderno de Linux con snapshots, sumas de verificación y funciones tipo RAID integradas.
Btrfs is an alternative to ZFS that's built into the Linux kernel. It's popular on Synology and openSUSE and great for cheap, instant snapshots.
Una configuración del ISP donde muchos clientes comparten una IP pública, impidiendo conexiones entrantes sin soluciones alternativas.
If you're behind CGNAT, port forwarding won't work. Overlay VPNs like Tailscale or a cloud tunnel let you reach your server anyway, without a public IP.
Cuando tu ISP te coloca detrás de IPs públicas compartidas, bloqueando conexiones entrantes directas.
CGNAT makes traditional port forwarding impossible. Mesh VPNs like Tailscale or a VPS reverse tunnel are common workarounds.
Una pequeña huella de los datos usada para detectar corrupción o verificar la integridad.
Filesystems like ZFS checksum every block so they can detect and, with redundancy, automatically repair silent corruption (bit rot).
Codificar datos para que ocupen menos espacio, a menudo de forma transparente a nivel de sistema de archivos.
ZFS and Btrfs offer transparent compression (like lz4/zstd) that can actually improve performance while saving space, because less data is read from and written to disk.
Un paquete aislado y autónomo que agrupa una aplicación con todo lo necesario para ejecutarse.
Containers share the host operating system kernel, making them far lighter than virtual machines. They start almost instantly and are ideal for running many services on a single home server. Docker and Podman are the most common container runtimes.
Una plantilla de solo lectura y versionada a partir de la cual se crea un contenedor.
Images are pulled from registries like Docker Hub and identified by tags (e.g. jellyfin:10.9). Pinning a specific tag makes your deployments predictable.
Un repositorio que almacena y distribuye imágenes de contenedor, como Docker Hub o GHCR.
When you run docker pull, the image comes from a registry. You can also self-host a private registry for your own images.
El clásico planificador de Unix que ejecuta comandos automáticamente a horas determinadas.
Cron jobs power scheduled backups, cleanups and maintenance on a home server. Modern systems can also use systemd timers for the same purpose.
Almacenar solo una copia de bloques de datos idénticos para ahorrar espacio, sobre todo en backups.
Deduplicating backup tools like Restic and Borg store many daily snapshots while using a fraction of the space, because unchanged data is stored only once.
El dispositivo (normalmente tu router) al que se envía el tráfico al salir de la red local.
Every device needs to know its gateway to reach the internet. On a home network it's typically an address like 192.168.1.1.
Un servicio que asigna automáticamente direcciones IP y ajustes de red a los dispositivos al conectarse.
Your router usually runs DHCP. For a server, set a DHCP reservation (or a static IP) so its address never changes — every reverse proxy rule and bookmark depends on it.
El sistema que traduce nombres legibles como example.com a las direcciones IP que usan los ordenadores.
On a home network you often run your own DNS (via Pi-hole or AdGuard Home) to block ads and to give your services friendly local names. DNS is also key to reverse proxies and obtaining TLS certificates.
Una plataforma para empaquetar aplicaciones y sus dependencias en contenedores ligeros y portátiles.
Docker is the most popular way to run self-hosted apps. Each container is isolated, reproducible and easy to update or remove. With Docker Compose you define your whole stack in a single YAML file. Containers share the host kernel, so they start in seconds and use far less overhead than virtual machines.
Una herramienta que define y ejecuta aplicaciones multicontenedor desde un único archivo YAML declarativo.
Instead of long docker run commands, you describe services, volumes and networks in a compose.yaml file and bring the whole stack up with one command. It is the de facto standard for self-hosting and makes your setup reproducible and easy to back up.
Almacenamiento persistente gestionado por Docker que conserva los datos del contenedor entre reinicios y actualizaciones.
Containers are disposable, so anything you want to keep — databases, configs, media — must live in a volume or bind mount. Volumes are a key part of your backups.
Una receta de texto que describe cómo construir una imagen de contenedor personalizada paso a paso.
Most self-hosters use prebuilt images, but a Dockerfile lets you build your own — installing dependencies and copying in your app — for full control.
Un servicio que mantiene un nombre de dominio apuntando a la IP pública cambiante de tu casa.
Most home internet connections have a public IP that changes periodically. DDNS clients update a DNS record automatically so you can always reach your server by name.
Memoria que detecta y corrige errores de datos comunes al vuelo para mayor fiabilidad.
ECC RAM is recommended for ZFS and important data because it prevents memory errors from silently corrupting what's written to disk. It's not mandatory, but it's a nice safety net.
Memoria que detecta y corrige errores de un bit, mejorando la integridad de datos en servidores siempre encendidos.
ECC is common on workstation and server platforms like Intel Xeon and AMD Epyc. Consumer CPUs often lack ECC support.
El sistema de archivos de Linux por defecto, muy fiable, usado por la mayoría de distribuciones.
ext4 is fast, mature and reliable, but lacks the checksums and snapshots of ZFS or Btrfs. It's a fine choice for a boot drive or simple storage.
Software o hardware que controla qué tráfico de red se permite entrar o salir según reglas.
On a Linux server, ufw or nftables lets you allow only the ports you need (e.g. SSH) and deny everything else. A firewall is a core layer of a secure home server.
Una tarjeta que añade muchos puertos de disco, a menudo configurada para pasar los discos directamente a ZFS.
For a ZFS NAS you want an HBA in 'IT mode' rather than a hardware RAID card, so ZFS has direct access to each disk and its SMART data.
Un disco magnético giratorio que ofrece gran capacidad a bajo precio por terabyte.
HDDs are the workhorses for bulk media and backups in a NAS. Use CMR drives rated for 24/7 NAS use and avoid slower SMR drives for arrays.
Un servidor que funciona sin monitor, teclado ni escritorio gráfico.
Home servers are usually headless: you manage them remotely over SSH or a web interface, which saves power and resources by skipping the desktop.
El gestor de paquetes de Kubernetes que agrupa manifiestos en charts reutilizables.
Helm charts simplify installing complex stacks like Prometheus or Nextcloud on Kubernetes with configurable values files.
Un ordenador que ejecutas en casa para ofrecer servicios como almacenamiento de archivos, streaming multimedia, copias de seguridad o aplicaciones autoalojadas a tus dispositivos.
A home server can be anything from a Raspberry Pi to a repurposed desktop or a purpose-built machine. Unlike cloud services, it keeps your data under your control, has no monthly fees beyond electricity, and can be tailored exactly to your needs. Typical uses include a NAS for files, a Plex or Jellyfin media server, Pi-hole for network-wide ad blocking, and Docker for running dozens of self-hosted applications.
Un entorno de laboratorio personal en casa para aprender, experimentar y ejecutar infraestructura de TI.
A homelab can range from a single Raspberry Pi to racks of enterprise gear. Enthusiasts use them to practice skills, host services, and tinker with virtualization, networking and automation. The community is welcoming and shares builds on forums and subreddits.
Software que crea y gestiona máquinas virtuales asignando recursos físicos entre ellas.
Type 1 (bare-metal) hypervisors like Proxmox VE and VMware ESXi run directly on hardware for maximum performance. Type 2 hypervisors like VirtualBox run on top of an existing OS. Proxmox is the most popular choice for homelabs because it combines VMs, containers and ZFS in one free platform.
Imagen de sistema operativo que se reemplaza atómicamente al actualizar en lugar de parchearse in situ.
Projects like Talos Linux and some NAS appliances use immutability for predictable, rollback-friendly upgrades.
Una etiqueta numérica que identifica a un dispositivo en una red, como 192.168.1.10 (IPv4).
Devices get a private IP on your LAN and share one public IP to the internet. Servers should use a fixed private IP so they're always reachable at the same address.
Un protocolo que presenta almacenamiento remoto por la red como si fuera un dispositivo de bloques local.
iSCSI is used to give virtualization hosts fast block storage from a NAS. Unlike SMB/NFS file shares, the client formats and manages the volume itself.
Un grupo de discos expuestos individualmente, sin un RAID por hardware que los combine.
JBOD is ideal for ZFS or Btrfs, which prefer to manage each disk directly. An HBA or disk shelf presents drives as JBOD to the OS.
Una potente plataforma para orquestar contenedores en muchas máquinas, con autorreparación y escalado.
Kubernetes is usually overkill for a home server, but lightweight distributions like k3s let advanced homelabbers learn it. For most people, Docker Compose is simpler and enough.
Plataforma de orquestación que automatiza el despliegue, escalado y gestión de aplicaciones en contenedores en un clúster.
Most homelabs start with Docker Compose. Kubernetes shines when you run many services across multiple nodes and need self-healing and rolling updates.
La tecnología de virtualización de Linux que ejecuta máquinas virtuales completas con rendimiento casi nativo.
KVM powers the virtual machines in Proxmox and many cloud providers. It's ideal when you need a different OS or strong isolation, at a higher resource cost than containers.
Una autoridad de certificación gratuita y automatizada que emite los certificados TLS para habilitar HTTPS.
Reverse proxies like Caddy, Traefik and Nginx Proxy Manager obtain and renew Let's Encrypt certificates automatically, so your services get valid HTTPS with no manual work.
Un componente que reparte las solicitudes entrantes entre varios servidores o servicios.
Most home setups don't need one, but a reverse proxy can act as a simple load balancer if you ever run multiple instances of a service for reliability.
Contenedores de sistema ligeros que se comportan como una pequeña VM pero comparten el kernel del host.
Proxmox makes heavy use of LXC for services that don't need a full VM. They start fast and use fewer resources than KVM virtual machines.
Una ranura compacta en la placa base usada principalmente para SSD NVMe o SATA.
M.2 is a form factor, not a protocol — an M.2 slot may carry NVMe (fast) or SATA (slower) SSDs, so check what your board and drive support.
Un identificador de hardware único asignado a la interfaz de red de un dispositivo.
You use the MAC address to create DHCP reservations (a static IP) and to target a device with Wake-on-LAN.
Un dispositivo de almacenamiento dedicado conectado a tu red que permite a varios dispositivos guardar y acceder a archivos de forma centralizada.
A NAS (Network-Attached Storage) provides shared storage over protocols like SMB and NFS. You can build one yourself with TrueNAS or OpenMediaVault, or buy a turnkey unit from Synology or QNAP. Most NAS setups use RAID or ZFS to protect against drive failure. Remember: a NAS provides availability, not backups — you still need offsite copies.
La técnica del router que permite a muchos dispositivos privados compartir una IP pública.
NAT is why inbound connections need port forwarding or a VPN to reach a device on your LAN. Understanding it is key to safe remote access.
Un protocolo de compartición de archivos en red nativo de Unix que ofrece alto rendimiento entre sistemas Linux.
NFS is efficient and low-overhead, making it ideal for Linux-to-Linux sharing, virtualization datastores and container volumes. It has less friendly authentication than SMB, so it's usually kept to trusted networks.
Una interfaz de almacenamiento rápida para SSD que se conecta por PCIe, mucho más veloz que SATA.
NVMe drives use the M.2 slot and are ideal for the OS, containers and databases. Bulk media can stay on cheaper SATA hard drives.
Interfaz de almacenamiento rápida diseñada para SSD, con latencia mucho menor que SATA.
Use NVMe for OS, Docker layers and databases. Bulk media libraries still often live on larger, cheaper SATA or hard drives.
El bus de expansión de alta velocidad que conecta GPU, unidades NVMe y tarjetas de red a la CPU.
PCIe lanes are a limited resource on small boards. Adding a 10G NIC, an HBA or extra NVMe drives all compete for the available lanes.
Suministrar energía eléctrica a los dispositivos por el mismo cable Ethernet que transporta los datos.
PoE simplifies wiring for access points, cameras and small devices — one cable does both power and network. It requires a PoE switch or injector.
Suministro de energía eléctrica a dispositivos como puntos de acceso y cámaras a través de cables Ethernet.
A PoE switch reduces cable clutter in a rack. Check wattage budgets when powering multiple devices.
Una regla del router que dirige el tráfico entrante de internet en un puerto específico a un dispositivo de tu red local.
Port forwarding lets you reach a home service from the internet, but it also exposes that service to attackers. Prefer a VPN like WireGuard or Tailscale, or a reverse proxy with authentication and TLS. If you must forward ports, forward as few as possible and keep the service patched.
Un panel web para gestionar contenedores, imágenes, volúmenes y redes de Docker.
Portainer gives a friendly GUI over Docker, which is handy while you're learning. Many users graduate to managing everything with Compose files in version control.
Un método para combinar varios discos de modo que actúen como uno, mejorando el rendimiento y/o protegiendo frente a fallos de disco.
Common levels include RAID 0 (striping, no redundancy), RAID 1 (mirroring), RAID 5 (single-parity), RAID 6 (double-parity) and RAID 10 (mirrored stripes). RAID protects against hardware failure and improves uptime, but it is not a backup: it won't help against accidental deletion, ransomware or fire. Use our RAID calculator to see usable capacity and fault tolerance.
Un programa de copias moderno que crea backups cifrados, deduplicados y versionados.
Restic can back up to local disks, another server, or cloud storage, and its snapshots let you restore any previous version. It's a favourite for the offsite copy in a 3-2-1 strategy.
Programa de copias de seguridad open source que deduplica, cifra y verifica instantáneas en almacenamiento local o en la nube.
Restic is popular in homelabs because it is simple, fast and supports S3-compatible backends for offsite copies.
Un servidor que se sitúa delante de tus servicios, enrutando peticiones por nombre de dominio y gestionando certificados TLS.
A reverse proxy like Nginx Proxy Manager, Traefik or Caddy gives each app a clean https:// URL on your own domain, automatically obtains Let's Encrypt certificates, and centralizes access control. It's an essential part of a tidy, secure self-hosted setup.
Una herramienta rápida que copia y sincroniza archivos, transfiriendo solo lo que cambió.
rsync is a staple of home-server backups and migrations. Combined with cron or a timer it can mirror data to another disk or machine efficiently.
La implementación de Linux del protocolo SMB, usada para compartir archivos con Windows, macOS y Linux.
Samba turns a Linux box into a file server every device can access. It's the engine behind SMB shares on TrueNAS, OpenMediaVault and DIY NAS builds.
La interfaz común para conectar discos duros y SSD de 2,5 pulgadas a una placa base.
SATA is slower than NVMe but plentiful and cheap, making it ideal for bulk hard drives in a NAS. Most boards have several SATA ports.
Ejecutar software en hardware que controlas en lugar de depender de servicios en la nube de terceros.
Self-hosting gives you privacy, control and independence from subscription services. Popular self-hosted replacements include Nextcloud (Google Drive), Immich (Google Photos), Vaultwarden (Bitwarden), Jellyfin (Netflix) and Home Assistant (smart-home clouds).
Un protocolo de compartición de archivos en red usado por Windows, macOS y Linux para acceder a carpetas compartidas.
SMB (also called CIFS or Samba on Linux) is the most widely compatible way to share files on a home network. Every major OS can mount SMB shares natively, making it the default choice for a general-purpose NAS.
Una copia de solo lectura de un sistema de archivos o volumen en un momento dado que permite revertir cambios al instante.
Snapshots on ZFS or Btrfs are near-instant and space-efficient because they only track changes. They're perfect for recovering from mistakes or ransomware, but because they live on the same pool they are not a substitute for offsite backups.
Almacenamiento basado en flash sin partes móviles, mucho más rápido y silencioso que un disco duro.
Use an SSD for your OS, containers and databases to make everything feel snappy, and keep large media on cheaper hard drives.
Un protocolo cifrado para iniciar sesión y administrar servidores de forma segura a través de una red.
SSH is how you remotely control a headless server via the command line. Always disable password login and use SSH keys, change the default port, and consider tools like fail2ban. SSH also powers secure file transfer (SCP/SFTP) and port tunneling.
Una dirección IP fija que no cambia, configurada en el dispositivo o reservada en el router.
A server should always have a static IP (a DHCP reservation is the easiest way) so port forwards, reverse-proxy rules and bookmarks keep working after a reboot.
Una subdivisión lógica de una red IP, definida por una máscara que separa la parte de red y de host de una dirección.
Home networks typically use a /24 subnet like 192.168.1.0/24, giving 254 usable addresses. Our subnet calculator works out the network, broadcast and host range for any prefix.
Espacio de disco usado como desbordamiento cuando un sistema se queda sin RAM.
A little swap prevents crashes under memory pressure, but relying on it is slow. If a server swaps constantly, it needs more RAM.
El sistema de init de la mayoría de distribuciones Linux que inicia, detiene y supervisa servicios.
systemd ensures your services start on boot and restart on failure. systemd timers are a modern alternative to cron for scheduled tasks.
Una medida aproximada del calor (y a grandes rasgos la energía) que produce una CPU bajo carga.
For an always-on server, a low-TDP CPU (like Intel's N-series at ~6–15 W) keeps your electricity bill and cooling needs down.
El cifrado que protege las conexiones, mostrado como el candado y https:// en tu navegador.
Self-hosted services should be served over HTTPS using TLS certificates, usually obtained automatically and for free from Let's Encrypt via a reverse proxy.
Una batería de respaldo que mantiene tu servidor encendido brevemente durante un corte y permite un apagado seguro.
A UPS protects against data corruption and hardware damage from sudden power loss and surges. With software like NUT (Network UPS Tools), your server can automatically shut down cleanly when the battery runs low. Essential for any NAS holding important data.
Un ordenador basado en software que ejecuta su propio sistema operativo sobre hardware físico mediante un hipervisor.
A virtual machine emulates a complete computer, including its own kernel, so you can run different operating systems side by side on one host. VMs offer strong isolation and are ideal for testing, running Windows, or separating untrusted workloads. They use more resources than containers.
Una forma de dividir una red física en redes lógicas aisladas por seguridad y organización.
Enthusiasts use VLANs to keep untrusted IoT devices or guests away from their server and personal devices. They require a managed switch and a router that supports VLAN tagging.
Segmento de red lógico que aísla el tráfico en switches físicos compartidos.
Separate IoT devices, guest Wi-Fi and your server LAN with VLANs to limit blast radius if something is compromised.
Un túnel cifrado que te permite acceder de forma segura a tu red doméstica desde cualquier lugar como si estuvieras en local.
A VPN is the safest way to access home services remotely without exposing them to the public internet. WireGuard is fast and modern; Tailscale and NetBird build on it to make setup effortless, even behind CGNAT. This avoids risky port forwarding entirely.
Una función que enciende un ordenador de forma remota enviándole un paquete de red especial.
Wake-on-LAN lets you keep a power-hungry server asleep and wake it only when needed, cutting energy use without giving up remote access.
Una herramienta que actualiza automáticamente los contenedores Docker en ejecución a sus últimas imágenes.
Automatic updates are convenient but can break things unexpectedly. Many people prefer to pin versions and update deliberately, keeping backups first.
Un sistema de archivos y gestor de volúmenes avanzado que ofrece integridad de datos, snapshots, compresión y RAID por software.
ZFS checksums every block to detect and repair silent data corruption (bit rot). It supports instant snapshots, transparent compression, and pooled storage. It powers TrueNAS and is popular on Proxmox. ZFS benefits from ECC RAM and plenty of memory for its cache (ARC).